Comparison of corticocancellous bone graft from the anterolateral metaphysis of the distal radius versus iliac crest for the treatment of unstable scaphoid nonunion with humpback deformity.

BACKGROUND: Corticocancellous bone grafting from the iliac crest is acceptable treatment for unstable scaphoid nonunion with a viable proximal pole. However, harvesting graft from the iliac crest is associated with donor site morbidity and the requirement of general anesthesia. Thus, bone grafting from the anterolateral metaphysis of the distal radius (DR) can be a treatment option. However, no study has compared the clinical effect between the two grafting techniques. METHODS: From 2014 to 2019, patients with unstable scaphoid nonunion with humpback deformity underwent corticocancellous bone grafting from the anterolateral metaphysis of the DR (group DR) or iliac crest (group IC). Humpback deformity was determined by evaluating the scapholunate angle (SLA) ≥ 60°, intrascaphoid angle (ISA) ≥ 45°, and radiolunate angle (RLA) ≥ 15° from preoperative radiographs and computed tomography scans. The SLA, ISA, and RLA served to gauge carpal alignment. The operative time, grip strength, active range of motion (ROM), the Modified Mayo Wrist score (MMWS), and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score were assessed postoperatively. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients qualified for the study (group DR, 15; group IC, 23). Union rates did not differ by patient subset (group DR, 100%; group IC, 95.7%; P = .827), and grip strength, ROM, MWS, and DASH score were similar between groups at the last follow-up. The operative time (minutes) was significantly shorter in group DR (median, 98; quartiles, 80, 114) than in group IC (median, 125; quartiles, 105, 150, P < .001). The ISA, RLA, and SLA improved postoperatively in both groups (P < 0.001). The degree of restoring carpal alignment, as evaluated by SLA, showed superior correction capability in group DR (median, 25.3% quartiles, 21.1, 35.3, P < 0.05). Donor site complications were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Corticocancellous bone graft from the anterolateral metaphysis of the DR for unstable scaphoid nonunion is associated with a shorter operation time and comparable results with that from the iliac crest in regard to union, restoration of carpal alignment, and wrist function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Optimal Energetic-Trap Distribution of Nano-Scaled Charge Trap Nitride for Wider Vth Window in 3D NAND Flash Using a Machine-Learning Method.

A machine-learning (ML) technique was used to optimize the energetic-trap distributions of nano-scaled charge trap nitride (CTN) in 3D NAND Flash to widen the threshold voltage (Vth) window, which is crucial for NAND operation. The energetic-trap distribution is a critical material property of the CTN that affects the Vth window between the erase and program Vth. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to model the relationship between the energetic-trap distributions as an input parameter and the Vth window as an output parameter. A well-trained ANN was used with the gradient-descent method to determine the specific inputs that maximize the outputs. The trap densities (NTD and NTA) and their standard deviations (σTD and σTA) were found to most strongly impact the Vth window. As they increased, the Vth window increased because of the availability of a larger number of trap sites. Finally, when the ML-optimized energetic-trap distributions were simulated, the Vth window increased by 49% compared with the experimental value under the same bias condition. Therefore, the developed ML technique can be applied to optimize cell transistor processes by determining the material properties of the CTN in 3D NAND Flash.

Arthroscopic Foveal Repair of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Improved the Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Persistent Symptomatic Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint Instability After Plate Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures: Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up.

PURPOSE: To investigate the longitudinal trend of symptomatic distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability after plate fixation for distal radius fractures (DRFs), determine which factors are associated with persistent symptomatic DRUJ instability, and evaluate the postoperative outcomes of arthroscopic foveal repair of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) in patients with persistent symptomatic DRUJ instability after plate fixation for DRF. METHODS: All consecutive patients who underwent plate fixation for DRF between January 2014 and December 2017 and were followed up for a minimum of 1 year were included in this retrospective study. DRUJ instability was evaluated by subjective ulnar wrist pain and physical examination that included foveal sign and ballottement testing every 2 months after surgery. In patients with persistent symptomatic DRUJ instability lasting >6 months, arthroscopic transosseous foveal repair was performed with consent. Clinical outcomes were evaluated at a minimum of 2 years after surgery. The Generalized Estimating Equation model was used to analyze the incidence rate trend of symptomatic DRUJ instability. RESULTS: Overall, 204 patients were included. The incidence of symptomatic DRUJ instability decreased gradually with time after fixation for DRF until 6 months and was maintained thereafter. Thirty-four of 204 patients (16.6%) had persistent symptomatic DRUJ instability. In multivariable analysis, only high-energy injury was an independent risk factor for persistent symptomatic DRUJ instability (P = .003; odds ratio = 3.599). Seventeen patients underwent arthroscopic foveal repair. The mean follow-up period thereafter was 28.6 months. All clinical outcomes improved significantly compared with preoperative values, and no patient had residual DRUJ instability. CONCLUSION: In patients who had persistent symptomatic DRUJ instability for >6 months after plate fixation for DRFs, arthroscopic foveal repair of the TFCC is considered as a treatment option. Arthroscopic foveal repair of the TFCC to stabilize the DRUJ provided satisfactory clinical and functional outcomes and decreased ulnar-side pain. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.

Comparison of arthroscopy-assisted vs. open reduction and fixation of coronoid fractures of the ulna.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare clinical and radiographic outcomes and complications for arthroscopy-assisted vs. open reduction and fixation of coronoid fractures in patients with complex elbow fracture-dislocations. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed patients with complex elbow fracture-dislocations who underwent surgical fixation for coronoid fractures of the ulna from March 2009 to January 2016. Subjects included those who received either arthroscopy-assisted (group A) or open surgery (group O) for coronoid fractures and concurrent reconstruction of the lateral column (radial head and/or lateral ulnar collateral ligament) with follow-up for at least 2 years. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the visual analog scale for pain, range of motion, Mayo Elbow Performance Score, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score at 2 years after surgery. For radiographic assessment, union of the coronoid, development of heterotopic ossification, and arthritic changes were evaluated. We also reviewed surgery-related complications. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (mean age, 40.0 ± 12.4 years) were enrolled in this study (group A, 15 patients; group O, 10 patients), and there were no statistical differences in baseline data between the 2 groups. Clinical outcomes did not differ between the 2 groups. All fractures were united and that the prevalence of heterotopic ossification and arthritic changes were similar between the 2 groups. However, operation-related complications were more common in group O than in group A (group A, 13.3%; group O, 40.0%), including 1 patient who underwent ulnar nerve neurolysis and anterior transposition at 3 months after the initial operation. CONCLUSIONS: Eliciting fewer complications, arthroscopy-assisted reduction and fixation of coronoid fractures shows union rates and clinical results comparable to open fixation in patients with complex elbow fracture-dislocation.

Accuracy of Conventional Triplane Measures Compared to 3-D Analysis for Assessment of Cubitus Varus Deformities in Adults.

PURPOSE: Cubitus varus is a common triplane deformity in adults associated with supracondylar humeral fractures experienced as a child and consists of varus, extension, and internal rotation components. When corrective osteotomy is indicated, these three components should be measured precisely. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of radiographic and physical measurements of cubitus varus deformities in adults compared to values measured on three-dimensional (3-D) bone surface models of the adult bilateral humerus. METHODS: Three-dimensional bilateral humerus models were developed using bilateral humerus CT images of 20 adult patients with cubitus varus. The varus, internal rotation, and extension components of the deformity were assessed by superimposing the 3-D bone model onto a mirror-image model of the contralateral normal humerus. Values obtained from the radiographic and physical measurements were compared with those from the 3D model. The reliability of each measurement was assessed by calculating correlation coefficients (CCs). RESULTS: Radiographic measurements of the varus and extension components showed good reliability (CC = 0.796 and 0.791, respectively). Physical measurement of the varus component, however, showed only moderate reliability (CC= 0.539), while physical measurement of the extension and internal rotation components exhibited poor reliability (CC = 0.164 and 0.466, respectively). CONCLUSION: Varus and extension components of cubitus varus in adults can be reliably measured using conventional methods, whereas the internal rotation component cannot. Thus, 3-D methods with which to quantify the rotational component preoperatively might be needed when the correction of a rotational deformity is considered.

Arthroscopic treatment of a one-fourth anteroinferior glenoid comminuted fracture-dislocation with concomitant three-part complex proximal humerus fracture in a middle-aged man: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Proximal humeral fracture-dislocations can occur in high-energy traumas. This injury can be accompanied by a glenoid fracture; however, it is a rare type of complex injury in patients aged under 60 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 53-year-old man presented with a three-part fracture-dislocation of the proximal humerus and a severely comminuted glenoid fracture. For the glenohumeral dislocation and proximal humeral fracture, we performed closed reduction using a threaded Steinman pin and fixation with percutaneous cannulated screws. Using arthroscopy, while maintaining humeral traction with the Steinman pin, the intra-articular glenoid fragments were reduced and then fixed with a buttressing headless screw and one suture anchor. After a 6-week immobilization with a shoulder spica cast, rehabilitation was initiated. RESULTS: We confirmed bony union of the fracture sites after 6 months post-surgery. The patient showed excellent clinical outcomes with a nearly full range of motion without instability CONCLUSIONS: We reported a successful outcome for a complex proximal humeral fracture involving the glenoid using closed reduction and fixation for the proximal humeral fracture and arthroscopic reduction and fixation for the comminuted anteroinferior glenoid fracture.

Headless screw fixation through the dorsal rough surface for proximal-pole scaphoid-nonunion: a report of 15 patients.

Clinical outcomes of the dorsal-retrograde headless screw-fixation technique in 15 patients with proximal scaphoid nonunion are presented. In this technique, screws are inserted from the dorsal rough surface of the scaphoid, located between the dorsal ridge and scaphoid-trapezium-trapezoid joint. Fifteen patients underwent osteosynthesis with this technique with iliac bone graft. Seven patients required primary surgery, and eight patients with a history of failed operation required revision surgery. Among 15 patients, 13 achieved union and two with persistent nonunion were asymptomatic with average follow-up of 24 months (range 14-57). Mean time to union was 20 weeks (range 12-40). Our experience with the dorsal-retrograde headless screw fixation technique has shown encouraging results for the treatment of proximal-scaphoid nonunion, especially in revision surgery wherein secure fixation of the small proximal fragments can be difficult using conventional anterograde techniques.Level of evidence: IV.

Comparison of the Wide-Awake Approach and Conventional Approach in Extensor Indicis Proprius-to-Extensor Pollicis Longus Tendon Transfer for Chronic Extensor Pollicis Longus Rupture.

BACKGROUND: The wide-awake approach enables surgeons to perform optimal tensioning of a transferred tendon intraoperatively. The authors hypothesized that the extensor indicis proprius-to-extensor pollicis longus tendon transfer using the wide-awake approach would yield better results than conventional surgery. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of the prospectively collected data of 29 consecutive patients who underwent extensor indicis proprius-to-extensor pollicis longus tendon transfer. Patients were treated with the wide-awake approach (group A, n = 11) and conventional surgery under general anesthesia (group B, n = 18). The groups were compared retrospectively for thumb interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joint motion, grip and pinch strength, specific extensor indicis proprius-to-extensor pollicis longus evaluation method (SEEM), and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire score at 6 weeks and 2, 4, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Group A showed significantly better interphalangeal joint flexion and total arc of motion at 6 weeks and 2, 4, and 6 months, and significantly better metacarpophalangeal joint flexion and total arc of motion at all time points. Interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joint extension showed no difference at all time points. Group A showed significantly better specific extensor indicis proprius-to-extensor pollicis longus evaluation method scores at 2 and 4 months, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire scores at 4, 6, and 12 months. Grip and pinch strength showed no difference at all time points. The complication rate and duration until return to work were not different between groups. CONCLUSION: Compared with the conventional approach, the wide-awake approach showed significantly better results in the thumb's range of motion and functional outcomes, especially in the early postoperative periods. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.

Extended thenar flap for two adjacent fingertip amputations.

The thenar flap is a well-described technique, but reports about its use in patients with multiple fingertip injuries are limited. This study aims to introduce a surgical technique of using an extended thenar flap for two adjacent fingertip amputations and to evaluate the clinical outcomes and related complications. From October 2013 to October 2016, 12 patients (24 fingers) underwent soft tissue reconstruction of two adjacent fingers with an extended thenar flap. At the last follow-up, the patients were assessed for cold intolerance in the reconstructed fingers; two-point discrimination (2PD); range of motion (ROM); functional outcomes using the quick disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) score; functional and appearance outcomes using the Michigan Hand Outcome Questionnaire (MHQ); and time taken to return to work. The mean follow-up time was 13.5 (range: 12-16) months. All flaps survived. The mean total active ROM in flexion measured at the last follow-up was 255° (range: 245°-260°). Objective sensibility in the flaps was ascertained as an average static 2PD of 6.9 (range: 3-10) mm. The mean quick DASH score was 3.3 (range: 0-9.1). The mean MHQ score was 93.8 (range: 88-100). All patients returned to work within 6.2 weeks on average. There were no complications. The extended thenar flap technique is a good alternative for simultaneous coverage of small-to-large defects in two adjacent fingertips.

Follistatin Mitigates Myofibroblast Differentiation and Collagen Synthesis of Fibroblasts from Scar Tissue around Injured Flexor Tendons.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of FST gene on the inhibition of fibrosis in fibroblastic cells from scar tissue around repaired zone II flexor tendons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was conducted on fibroblast cells transfected with adenovirus-LacZ (Ad-LacZ) as a marker gene (control), or with adenovirus-FST (Ad-FST) as a therapeutic gene. Fibroblast cultures without adenoviral exposure served as controls. RESULTS: Fibroblastic cells transfected with Ad-FST demonstrated significant decrease in collagen type I, MMP-1, MMP2, and α-SMA mRNA expressions compared to those transfected with Ad-LacZ. In addition, fibroblastic cells transfected with Ad-FST exhibited significant decrease in MMP-1, TIMP-1, fibronectin, PAI-1, TRPV4, α-SMA, desmin, and PAX7 protein expressions. CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, we conclude that FST may be a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing scar adhesions around repaired tendons by inhibiting fibroblasts from differentiating into myofibroblasts, in addition to producing type I collagen and regulating extracellular matrix turnover via the downregulation of MMP-1 and TIMP-1. FST may also decrease contracture of the scar by inhibiting Ca2+-dependent cell contraction.

Genome Engineering for Osteoarthritis: From Designer Cells to Disease-Modifying Drugs.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent degenerative joint disease involving joint cartilage and its surrounding tissues. OA is the leading cause of pain and disability worldwide. At present, there are no disease-modifying OA drugs, and the primary therapies include exercise and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs until total joint replacement at the end-stage of the disease. METHODS: In this review, we summarized the current state of knowledge in genetic and epigenetic associations and risk factors for OA and their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. RESULTS: Genome-wide association studies and analysis of epigenetic modifications (such as miRNA expression, DNA methylation and histone modifications) conducted across various populations support the notion that there is a genetic basis for certain subsets of OA pathogenesis. CONCLUSION: With recent advances in the development of genome editing technologies such as the CRISPR-Cas9 system, these genetic and epigenetic alternations in OA can be used as platforms from which potential biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, drug response, and development of potential personalized therapeutic targets for OA can be approached. Furthermore, genome editing has allowed the development of "designer" cells, whereby the receptors, gene regulatory networks, or transgenes can be modified as a basis for new cell-based therapies.

Tendon versus Pyrocarbon Interpositional Arthroplasty in the Treatment of Trapeziometacarpal Osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Trapeziometacarpal (TMC) arthritis is treated with surgery when nonsurgical treatment fails. The best surgical option for improving pain relief, functional outcomes, and postoperative complications remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical and radiological outcomes and complications between trapezium excision with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition (LRTI) and pyrolytic carbon interpositional arthroplasty. METHODS: From March 2009 to August 2014, 37 patients (39 wrists) with Eaton-Littler stage II or III TMC arthritis underwent complete trapezium excision with LRTI (Group L, n=19) or pyrolytic interpositional arthroplasty (Group P, n=20). Visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores; grip and pinch strength; Kapandji scores to quantify thumb opposition; and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) scores were used to compare clinical outcomes between the two groups. Radiographic changes (metacarpal shortening, subluxation, and radiolucency) were evaluated on the radiographs of thumb basal joints. RESULTS: There were no differences in patient demographics, Eaton-Littler stage, preoperative outcome measures, or the duration of follow-up between the two groups. At the last follow-up, VAS pain scores, pinch and grip strengths, Kapandji scores, and DASH scores were significantly improved in both groups compared with preoperative scores. All follow-up measurements were similar between the two groups except pinch strength, which was 1.8 kg higher in Group P (p<0.001). Proximal metacarpal migration did not differ significantly between the groups. Periprosthetic lucency more than 1 mm was observed in 7 of 20 (35%) thumbs. Complication rates were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: All subjective and objective outcomes were similar following LRTI and pyrolytic interpositional arthroplasty in patients with TMC arthritis, except pinch strength, which was more improved following pyrolytic interpositional arthroplasty. Longer follow-up is required to test adverse effects of high rates of periprosthetic lucency and prosthetic subluxation on clinical outcomes after PyroDisk interpositional arthroplasty.

A comparative study of the effect of drilling depth on generation of compressive force by headless compression screws using conical and cylindrical type of drill bit.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to measure the effect of different drilling depths on compression forces generated by two commonly used headless compression screws using the two different types of drill bit, the Acutrak® mini (conical type drill bit) and the Synthes 3.0 HCS® (cylindrical type drill bit). METHODS: A load cell was placed between two Sawbone blocks, which were 12 mm and 40 mm in thickness, respectively. After placing the guide pin into the center of the block, the drilling depth of the Acutrak® mini and Synthes HCS® screws ranged from 16 to 28 mm and 22 to 28 mm, respectively. The 24-mm screws were inserted and the compression force was measured immediately and at 30 min post-insertion. RESULTS: The Acutrak® mini generated greater compression force compared to the Synthes 3.0 HCS® when drilled to a depth of less than 24 mm. The compression force of the Acutrak® mini showed a strong inverse correlation with the drilling depth. There was no significant inverse correlation observed between the compression force of the Synthes HCS® and the drilling depth. CONCLUSIONS: If the screw length and the drill depth are the same, the Synthes 3.0 HCS® (cylindrical type drill bit) is safer and easier to use as it has no change in the compression force even when over-drilling because the compression force of the two screws is similar. As for the Acutrak® mini (conical type drill bit), while it is technically demanding due to varying compression force according to the drill depth, it can be used in certain cases because it can give stronger compression force through under-drilling.

Retrospective Comparative Outcomes Analysis of Arthroscopic Versus Open Bone Graft and Fixation for Unstable Scaphoid Nonunions.

PURPOSE: To compare union rates and clinical and radiologic outcomes after arthroscopic and open bone grafting and internal fixation for unstable scaphoid nonunions. METHODS: Between March 2009 and November 2014, patients with unstable scaphoid nonunion underwent arthroscopic (group A) or open (group O) bone grafting and internal fixation. One senior surgeon alternatively performed either arthroscopic or open osteosynthesis for the same surgical indications. Visual analog scale score, grip strength, active range of motion, Mayo wrist score (MWS), and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively. Union was determined by computed tomography 8 to 10 weeks postoperatively with bridging trabecula at the nonunion site. Scapholunate angle (SLA), radiolunate angle (RLA), and lateral intrascaphoid angle (LISA), plus height/length ratio (HLR) served to gauge carpal bone alignment in preoperative and postoperative radiographs. Those outcomes of patients with carpal collapse deformities, who met following conditions; (1) LISA of >45° or HLR of >0.65 on computed tomography images or (2) SLA of >60° or RLA of >10° on plain radiographs, were also compared. RESULTS: Overall, 62 patients qualified for study (group A, 28; group O, 34). Union rates did not differ by patient subset (group A, 96.4%; group O, 97.1%; P â‰’ 1); and visual analog scale score, grip strength, range of motion, Mayo Wrist Score, and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores were similar at last follow-up. In radiographic assessments, SLA, RLA, and LISA were similar, whereas scaphoid HLR excelled through open technique (group A, 0.59 ± 0.07; group O, 0.55 ± 0.05; P = .002). Subgroup analysis of patients with carpal collapse deformities (group A, 9; group O, 14) showed that all radiographic measures in group A (vs group O) reflected lesser correction (SLA, 56.7° ± 7.3° vs 49.2°±9.1° [P = .049]; RLA, 9.2° ± 2.0° vs 5.7° ± 3.0° [P = .005]; LISA, 34.8° ± 4.8° vs 25.6° ± 13.0° [P = .028]; HLR, 0.66 ± 0.04 vs 0.54 ± 0.07 [P < .001]). CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic and open bone grafting and internal fixation in treating unstable scaphoid nonunions, did not show any significant differences in clinical and radiologic outcomes at the minimum of 2 years after operation. In scaphoid nonunions with carpal collapse deformities, open bone grafting restored better carpal alignment than arthroscopic bone grafting, although there were no differences in clinical outcomes between the 2 techniques. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Arthroscopic Wafer Procedure Versus Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy as a Surgical Treatment for Idiopathic Ulnar Impaction Syndrome.

PURPOSE: To compare clinical and radiologic outcomes and complication rates of the arthroscopic wafer procedure (AWP) and ulnar shortening osteotomy (USO) for idiopathic ulnar impaction syndrome (UIS). METHODS: From May 2009 to June 2014, 42 patients who were aged 45 years or older with idiopathic UIS underwent either the AWP or USO under the following identical surgical indications: (1) less than 4 mm of positive ulnar variance, (2) Palmer classification 2C or 2D lesion of the triangular fibrocartilage complex, (3) stable distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) and/or lunotriquetral joint, and (4) no evidence of osteoarthritis of the DRUJ or ulnocarpal joint. The patient assignment was not randomized. Were used a visual analog scale for ulnar wrist pain; grip strength; range of motion; the Mayo Wrist Score (MWS); and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery to compare clinical outcomes. Ulnar variance, cystic changes of the lunate and triquetrum, and DRUJ arthritis on radiographs and operation-related complications were compared. RESULTS: This study evaluated 19 patients after the AWP and 23 patients after USO. At 3 months, the AWP produced significantly better outcomes than USO regarding grip strength (79.6% ± 14.3% vs 62.7% ± 12.6%, P < .001), MWS (81.8 ± 7.9 points vs 71.3 ± 14.2 points, P = .005), and DASH score (19.4 ± 8.4 vs 31.5 ± 14.0, P = .001); clinical outcomes were similar at 6, 12, and 24 months. The complication rates were 34.8% for USO and 10.5% for the AWP; complications included DRUJ arthritis (n = 4), implant irritation (n = 6), and refracture after implant removal (n = 2) in the USO group and secondary surgery (n = 1) and tendinopathy (n = 1) in the AWP group. CONCLUSIONS: The AWP and USO for idiopathic UIS with subtle positive ulnar variance achieved similar clinical and radiologic outcomes at 2 years after surgery. However, compared with USO, the AWP showed lower complication rates and better grip strength, MWS values, and DASH scores at 3 months after surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, comparative trial.

Morphologic change of nerve and symptom relief are similar after mini-incision and endoscopic carpal tunnel release: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: The symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) can be ameliorated by open and endoscopic release of the transverse carpal ligament. It is unknown whether a mini-incision or endoscopic carpal tunnel release more effectively reverses the pathological changes that are observed in the median nerve in patients with CTS and these morphologic changes correlates with the subjective outcomes after carpal tunnel release. We hypothesized that (1) at 24 weeks after surgery, the subjective outcomes of mini-incision release and endoscopic release would not differ in patients with CTS; and (2) the ultrasonographic (US) morphology of the median nerve reverses similarly after mini-incision and endoscopic release; (3) the subjective outcomes correlates with these morphologic changes. METHODS: Between November 2011 and January 2013, 67 patients with CTS in their dominant wrist were randomized to either mini-incision (n = 32) or endoscopic (n = 35) release. Each patient was assessed by both the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) pre-operatively and 24 weeks' post-operation. An US examination was conducted at both time points to measure the cross-sectional area (CSA) at the inlet, middle, and outlet (CSA-I, CSA-M and CSA-O) and the flattening ratio (FR) at the middle and outlet (FR-M and FR-O) of the median nerve. RESULTS: The post-operative mean BCTQ and DASH scores were improved significantly from the pre-operative scores in both groups (p < 0.001). The mean CSA-I decreased and CSA-M and CSA-O increased similarly in both groups (by 3.3, 3.0, and 3.8 mm2 in the mini-incision group and 2.9, 3.1. and 2.7 mm2 in the endoscopic group. The mean FR-M/FR-O decreased similarly from 3.6/4.2 to 3.2/3.0 in the mini-incision group and 3.8/4.3 to 3.2/2.9 in the endoscopic group. There were no significant differences in the subjective outcome scores or median nerve measures between the two groups. Improvement in the BCTQ-S only was significantly correlated with changes in the CSA at the inlet. CONCLUSIONS: Mini-incision and endoscopic release both similarly relieved subjective symptoms and functions along with the pathological changes in the median nerve morphology along the carpal tunnel in patients with idiopathic CTS. Symptom relief after surgical decompression seems to correlate with reduced nerve swelling at carpal inlet and reversed nerve flattening inside carpal tunnel. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was retrospectively registered in "ClinicalTrials.gov" at Oct 18th, 2013, and the registration number was NCT01972165 .

Correlation between change in muscle excursion and collagen content after tendon rupture and delayed repair.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of the present study were to compare changes in muscle excursion, total collagen, and collagen subtypes after tenotomy over time and after delayed tendon repair. METHODS: Tenotomy on the extensor digitorum tendon of the right second toes of 48 New Zealand White rabbits was performed; toes on the left leg were used as controls. Passive muscle excursion, total collagen content, and type I, III, and IV collagen contents were measured at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after tenotomy. Next, passive muscle excursion and total collagen content were measured at 8 weeks after delayed tendon repair at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after a tenotomy. RESULTS: Passive muscle excursion decreased sequentially over time after tenotomy. Meanwhile, total collagen increased over time. These changes were significant after 4 weeks of injury. Type I collagen significantly increased, type III collagen significantly decreased, and type IV collagen had no significant change over time. Passive muscle excursion was negatively correlated with total collagen and type I collagen after tenotomy at each time point after tenotomy (p < 0.05). After tendon repair, increases in total collagen content after tenotomy were not reversed, despite early repairs at 1 and 2 weeks after tenotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in type I collagen were found to be associated with decreased excursion after tendon rupture. The increase in collagen that was observed after tenotomy was not reversed by repair within 8 weeks.

Comparative Outcome Analysis of Arthroscopic-Assisted Versus Open Reduction and Fixation of Trans-scaphoid Perilunate Fracture Dislocations.

PURPOSE: To compare union rates and clinical and radiological outcomes of arthroscopic-assisted reduction and fixation with those of open reduction and fixation in patients with trans-scaphoid perilunate fracture dislocations. METHODS: This retrospective study included consecutive patients with trans-scaphoid PLFDs who underwent arthroscopic-assisted reduction and fixation (group A) or open reduction and fixation (group O), and who were followed up for a minimum of 2 years between May 2005 and March 2013. We excluded initially missed patients. Each different surgeon who was on call had performed each experienced operation. These clinical outcomes were assessed: range of motion, grip strength, Mayo wrist score, and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score. For radiologic outcomes, the scapholunate angle, radiolunate angle, and lunotriquetral distance were measured. RESULTS: The total number of included patient was 20 (11 in group A and 9 in group O). Scaphoid union occurred in all patients except 1 individual (11 of 11 in group A, and 8 of 9 in group O). At the last follow-up, the mean flexion-extension arc was significantly greater in group A (125.0°) than in group O (105.6°) (P = .028). The mean grip strength was 81.1% that of the contralateral side in group A and 80.9% in group O (P = .594). The mean Mayo wrist score was 85.5 in group A and 79.4 in group O (P = .026), and the mean DASH score was 10.6 in group A and 20.8 in group O (P = .001); however, only the DASH score showed a minimum clinically important difference. The mean scapholunate angle, radiolunate angle, and lunotriquetral distance were similar between the 2 groups: 47.2°, 1.7°, and 2.0 mm in group A and 48.8°, 5.6°, and 2.1 mm in group O, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although both arthroscopic and open techniques achieved stability of the injured wrists in patients with trans-scaphoid PLFDs, it is shown that the arthroscopic-assisted technique showed a clinically meaningful better DASH score and greater flexion-extension arc with other parameters being similar. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative study.

The Effect of Debridement of Coexisting Partial Ligament Injuries on Outcomes Following Arthroscopic Osteosynthesis for Minimally Displaced Scaphoid Nonunions.

PURPOSE: Partial intercarpal ligament injuries can coexist with scaphoid nonunions. However, whether these injuries should be debrided simultaneously when scaphoid nonunions are treated is unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare union rates and clinical outcomes after arthroscopic management of scaphoid nonunions, in which coexisting partial ligament injuries were, or were not, simultaneously debrided. METHODS: This retrospective study included 46 patients with scaphoid nonunions and coexisting partial intercarpal ligament injuries who underwent arthroscopy-guided bone grafting and fixation (K-wires or headless screws) between March 2008 and May 2014 with a minimum follow-up of 1 year. None of the cases had necrosis of the proximal fragment (determined by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging), severe deformities, or advanced arthritis. The partial intercarpal ligament injuries were either simultaneously debrided (25 patients; group D) or not debrided (21 patients; group ND). Visual analog scale pain scores, grip strength, flexion-extension arc of the wrist, Mayo Wrist Scores, and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores were used to compare clinical outcomes between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The nonunions united in 93% (43 of 46) of the patients. There were no differences between the 2 groups with regard to patient demographics, preoperative outcome measures, location of scaphoid nonunion, and degree of ligament injury. The overall union rate was similar between group D (92%; 23 of 25) and group ND (95%; 20 of 21). At a median follow-up of 24 months for group D and group ND, the visual analog scale pain score, grip strength, Mayo Wrist Scores, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores were significantly improved in both groups, compared with preoperative scores. Flexion-extension arc showed no change in both groups compared with preoperative angles. All of the follow-up measurements were similar in the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients who underwent arthroscopic bone grafting and fixation of scaphoid nonunions, simultaneous debridement of incidentally found partial intercarpal ligament injuries did not result in a better union rate or clinical outcomes than not debriding the partial ligament injuries. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic III.

Factors Influencing Outcomes after Ulnar Nerve Stability-Based Surgery for Cubital Tunnel Syndrome: A Prospective Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: Simple decompression of the ulnar nerve has outcomes similar to anterior transposition for cubital tunnel syndrome; however, there is no consensus on the proper technique for patients with an unstable ulnar nerve. We hypothesized that 1) simple decompression or anterior ulnar nerve transposition, depending on nerve stability, would be effective for cubital tunnel syndrome and that 2) there would be determining factors of the clinical outcome at two years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one patients with cubital tunnel syndrome underwent simple decompression (n=30) or anterior transposition (n=11) according to an assessment of intra-operative ulnar nerve stability. Clinical outcome was assessed using grip and pinch strength, two-point discrimination, the mean of the disabilities of arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) survey, and the modified Bishop Scale. RESULTS: Preoperatively, two patients were rated as mild, another 20 as moderate, and the remaining 19 as severe according to the Dellon Scale. At 2 years after operation, mean grip/pinch strength increased significantly from 19.4/3.2 kg to 31.1/4.1 kg, respectively. Two-point discrimination improved from 6.0 mm to 3.2 mm. The DASH score improved from 31.0 to 14.5. All but one patient scored good or excellent according to the modified Bishop Scale. Correlations were found between the DASH score at two years and age, pre-operative grip strength, and two-point discrimination. CONCLUSION: An ulnar nerve stability-based approach to surgery selection for cubital tunnel syndrome was effective based on 2-year follow-up data. Older age, worse preoperative grip strength, and worse two-point discrimination were associated with worse outcomes at 2 years.